A Disc Herniation is a condition that is caused by damaged to the fibers(Annular Fibers) of the disc that holds the fluid/material(Nucleus Pulposus) in the disc.  When these fibers begin to damage it can cause the fluid/material inside to protrude outwards to varying degrees.  There are levels of herniation of a disc: 

Bulge – which is small protrusion of the disc outward, because of weakening annular fibers.

Herniation – which is more weakened fibers that are allowing a larger protrusion of the fluid outward causing more compression downward onto the disc, joint space, and nerves.

Sequestration/Extrusion – which is a complete tearing of the annular fibers of the disc allowing the fluid inside the disc to leak out into the spinal canal.

Even though each level of herniation is a progression of intensity, it does not mean that one is more painful than the other.  Obviously the worse the disc issue the more pain is possible, but some people even with a bulged disc can experience just as much pain as someone with an extrusion.

Most commonly disc herniations happen but are not limited to  excessive stress on the disc, trauma, repetitive use/bending/twisting, improper posture, improper lifting of weight, Degenerative Disc Disease/Wear and Tear, among others.

The best course of action for this issue is to seek professional help.  A professional will be able to evaluate, diagnose, and build a treatment plan specific to the individual and the issue.  A proper treatment plan for this issue should include manual therapy to help decrease muscular, tendon, and ligament irritations which will help decrease pain.  Joint mobilization/manipulation will help keep the joints moving properly and decrease tension and stiffness.  Stability and strength programming will help improve support and balance to the muscles for decreased risk of irritation.  And finally, build a self-care program for the individual on how to manage this issue on their own.